The Koothambalam is a unique feature of Kerala's temple architecture, serving as a temple theater for the performance of traditional art forms like Koothu, Koodiyattam, Nangiarkoothu, and Chakyar Koothu. Unlike other Indian states where temples may have spaces like mandapams for rituals and ceremonies, the Koothambalam is a specially designated spacious airy structure within Kerala's temples, showcasing the deep connection between dance, drama, and spirituality.
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| Koothambalam, Koodal Mannkkam, Kerala image: Challiyan en.wikipedia.org |
The model is based on the original Koothambalam (temple theatre) in Chengannur Siva Temple with 32 pillars. It showcases a typical complex style of construction a closed hall meant for staging Koothu, traditional performing art form of Kerala which is a solo narrative performance interspersed with mime and comic interludes. It is staged by a well-trained and respected artist called Chakyar. The artist in his unique style narrates essential episodes from Hindu mythology and epics, such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
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| Koothambalam, Kalamandalam, Kerala en.wikipedia.org image: Arayilpdas |
Architectural Significance
Koothambalams are built according to the Natya Shastra, an ancient Sanskrit text on performance arts by Sage Bharata. These structures are typically about 16 meters long and 12 meters wide, with a central square platform (the Natya mandapam) supported by pillars and a pyramidal roof. The use of high-quality materials like granite, rosewood, and teak wood reflects the traditional craftsmanship of Kerala.
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| Koothambalam, Guruvayur temple,Kerala darcawards.com |
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| Interior Koothambalam Guruvayur onmanorama.com/ |
Above image: Sree Krishna temple of Guruvayur, Kerala, In December 2020, Unesco presented an Asia-Pacific Award of Distinction for cultural heritage conservation of temple's koothambalam. The conservation experts carefully used the modern technique to renovate the old structure without damaging heritage aspects. The project was funded by the TVS group as an offering to renovate the granite, wooden parts and also copper clad roofings. The lighting arrangements were given special attention, they are elaborate and refurbished scientifically, covering ambient, event and stage lighting. The purpose of lighting is to augment the spiritual aura of the theatrical space and to highlight the rich intricate wood work. The light fixtures are carefully concealed within the structure The conservation specialists made a concerted efforts.......
The theater is often adorned with carvings and paintings depicting interesting stories from the Ramayana and Mahabharata, adding to its cultural richness. The design also follows Vaastu Shastra principles, with a sloping tiled roof that prevents rainwater from seeping inside, taking into account Kerala's heavy monsoon rains.
Ritualistic and Cultural Aspects
Koothambalams are revered spaces, considered as sacred as the temple's sanctum (Srikovil). The performances staged here are seen as offerings to the deity, and certain rituals are observed during performances:
The stage is decorated with fruit-bearing plantains and coconut fronds. A para filled with rice is placed on the stage. A traditional Nilavilakku (oil lamp) with three wicks is lit, symbolizing purity and divine presence. The Mizhavu, a key percussion instrument, is placed in a special enclosure with a high seat for the drummer.
Social and Cultural Practices
The performances in Koothambalams have traditionally been restricted to certain communities. Men from the Chakyar caste perform Koothu and Koodiyattam, while women from the Nambiar caste (known as Nangyarammas) perform Nangiarkoothu. These art forms are part of Kerala’s living heritage, with the mizhavu drum playing a central role, often handled by members of the Ambalavasi community. Certain norms being followed by the temples regarding allowing worshippers into the koothambalam are subject to debate Recently, the court observed ''allowing viewers inside the Koothambalam, no religious or customary rites followed in the temple and the Koothambalam should be violated.''
Koothambalams not only preserve the temple arts but also provide a spiritual experience, blending religious rituals with classical art forms. The theaters, such as those in Vadakkunnathan Temple (Thrissur) and Koodalmanikyam Temple (Irinjalakuda), remain vibrant centers for Kerala’s artistic and cultural traditions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koothambalam
https://www.navrangindia.in/2022/01/guruyayur-temples-koothambalam-kerala.html
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